br Methods br Results Average

Methods
Results Average age of the study participants at recruitment was 61.9 years (SD=10.2), 50.9% were female, and 36.8% had a college degree or higher. Characteristics of the included MESA participants by racial/ethnic group are presented in Table 1. While the effort was made to construct a cohort with an equal distribution of age and sex across racial/ethnic groups, Hispanic participants were on average slightly younger than whites and African Americans, the proportion of females was higher for African Americans, and the proportion of college graduates was lower for Hispanics and African Americans. Almost all Chinese Americans and two-thirds of Hispanics were born outside of the U.S. Nearly half of Chinese immigrants arrived in the U.S. as middle-age or older adults while most immigrants in other racial/ethnic groups migrated either as young adults or children. Racial/ethnic groups significantly differed on all study variables, including O*NET job characteristic scores. Whites had a higher median score for O*NET substantive complexity, and Hispanics had a higher median score for O*NET hazardous condition. Among the 6342 participants, 893 deaths (14.1%) occurred during the study period. As shown in Table 2, Chinese Americans had the lowest rate of death (6.8 per 1000 person-years), and African Americans the highest (14.8 per 1000 person-years). Fig. 2 illustrates the unadjusted survival probability by race/ethnicity. Table 3 presents the results of mediation analysis for the difference in rates of death between each of the racial/ethnic minority groups and whites, with job characteristics as mediators. Compared with whites, a 41% higher overall rate of death was seen in African-American participants (total effect: HR=1.41, 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 1.19, 1.66). The NIE (HR=1.10, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.16) indicates that thiostrepton a 10% higher rate of death was attributable to the lower level of substantive complexity experience by African Americans compared with whites. This difference in rates of death attributable to racial difference in substantive complexity mediated 30% of the overall higher rate of death in African-Americans. The rate of death for Hispanics was not significantly different from that for whites (total effect: HR=0.88, p=0.39). Being Chinese American, on the other hand, was associated with a lower rate of death than being white (total effect: HR=0.59, p<0.01), but the lower rate was not mediated by either of the occupational characteristics.
Discussion
Conclusions
Disclaimer
Acknowledgements This research was supported by contracts HHSN268201500003I, N01-HC-95159, N01-HC-95160, N01-HC-95161, N01-HC-95162, N01-HC-95163, N01-HC-95164, N01-HC-95165, N01-HC-95166, N01-HC-95167, N01-HC-95168 and N01-HC-95169 from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) and by Grants UL1-TR-000040 and UL1-TR-001079 from the National Center for Research Resources (NCRR). The authors thank the other investigators, the staff, and the participants of the MESA study for their valuable contributions. A full list of participating MESA investigators and institutions can be found at http://www.mesa-nhlbi.org. The information contained herein was derived in part from data provided by the Bureau of Vital Statistics, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. Occupational coding was funded by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Intramural Funds (NORA FY08 CRN SLB8). This publication was developed under a STAR research assistance agreement, No. RD831697 (MESA Air), awarded by the U.S Environmental Protection Agency. AH was also supported by K99ES023498 from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.
Introduction Despite several health benefits of regular participation in physical activity (Ekelund et al., 2015; Reiner, Niermann, Jekauc, & Woll, 2013), most individuals living in industrialised nations lead insufficiently active lifestyles (Hallal et al., 2012). Interventions oncogenes target individuals have had limited success (Hillsdon, Foster, & Thorogood, 2005), perhaps partly because individual-level correlates are estimated to explain only 20–40% of reported variance in physical activity (Spence & Lee, 2003). Research and policy has therefore increasingly adopted a broader, ecological approach to activity which considers a combination of individual, social, physical, cultural and political correlates.